Spontaneous Heterotopic Pregnancy with a Favorable Perinatal Outcome, Case Report, and Literature Review
Abstract
Heterotopic pregnancy (HP) involves multiple gestations in which one embryo is implanted within the uterine cavity and another elsewhere, such as an ectopic pregnancy (EP). A spontaneous pregnancy has an incidence of one in 30.000 pregnancies, and with assisted reproduction techniques (ART) up to one in a hundred. Its early diagnosis allows to reduce morbidity and mortality and improve the prognosis for intrauterine pregnancy. The article aims to perform a review of the literature on HP and present a clinical case. A search was conducted on Pubmed and Medline databases, using combinations with Boolean operators of the terms MESH: heterotopic pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, therapy, risk factors and prognosis. The search limits were: full-text articles, Spanish and English languages, published in the last ten years. 275 titles were obtained; after eliminating duplicates and abstract evaluation, 27 references were used. We present a case of a pregnant patient 2, records of broken EP, with spontaneous hp and rupture of tubal gestation; their management and the perinatal results are described. The HP may have tubal implantation (more frequent) or in any other location. The diagnosis should focus on risk factors and ultrasound criteria; the management can be expectant, medical, or surgical, having with the first the worst maternal prognosis, with the second lower rates of gestational loss and better maternal outcomes, and with the latter higher abortion rates. The diagnosis of HP is performed by transvaginal ultrasound; according to each case, the treatment is oriented. The surgical approach is the first line in the acute presentation. Expectant management or ultrasound-guided aspiration are reasonable options in the stable patient. More cohorts of patients are needed to evaluate management outcomes in our environment.
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