Síndrome X frágil y otras patologías asociadas al gen FMR1
Resumen
El síndrome X frágil es la causa más frecuente de retraso psicomotor vinculado a cromosoma X en niños, con una prevalencia de 1 : 5.000 en hombres y 1 : 4.000 - 8.000 en mujeres. Además, es la causa hereditaria más asociada al síndrome del espectro autista. Esta patología posee como base etiológica la expansión del triplete CGG en el extremo distal del gen FMR1, lo que causa el silenciamiento del mismo. Los pacientes afectados con este síndrome suelen padecer de problemas conductuales, neurológicos, cardíacos y ortopédicos. Este también se relaciona con la Insuficiencia Ovárica Primaria asociada al X frágil, y el Síndrome de Temblor y Ataxia asociado al X frágil, que afectan a la madre y al abuelo materno, respectivamente. El objetivo de este artículo es aportar al conocimiento sobre estas enfermedades, permitiendo una mejor comprensión de su etiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Esto se hizo mediante la recopilación de artículos en Pubmed, con algunas contribuciones de las bases de datos Scielo, Redalyc, Europe PMC, Science Direct, Google Académico y Genetics Home Reference. Entre las conclusiones principales se encuentra que a pesar de estar relacionados, los fenotipos asociados a aumento del triplete CGG del gen FMR1 contemplan mecanismos etiológicos distintos.
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