The cold war in Colombia: colombian defence policy and the role of the United States, 1966-1970
Abstract
Despite the great importance and implications of the Cold War in Latin America, our understanding about its effects in Colombia is scarce. Certainly, little is known in regard to it and the middle 1960s, turning point in which external trends affected in a definitive manner the discourse and means of the Colombian conflict. Thus, the main objective of this dissertation is uncovering the consequences that the Cold War had over Colombian defence policy, as well as the internal motivations that made Lleras Restrepo's government to require American military aid. This is done by assessing primary sources, specifically, governmental documents, intelligence reports, diaries, speeches, and congressional memories.
The final results show how Colombian elites represented in the National Front (FN) used consciously defence policy in order to maintain a convenient status quo, all this, amid social uneasiness and the growing presence of both Cuban and American influence.
Downloads
Languages:
enReferences
Decretos Sobre Orden Público. (1966, 27 October). El Tiempo, p. 28. Accessed June 2012, online at: http://www.eltiempo.com/seccion_archivo/index.php
Acuerdo sobre 'Cronica Roja'. (1967, 18 June). El Tiempo, p. 23. Accessed June 2012, online at: http://www.eltiempo.com/seccion_archivo/index.php
Ayala, C. A. (2003). Gustavo Rojas pinilla, 100 a-os 1900-1975. Revista Credencial Historia, 123. Accessed July 2012, online at: http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/marzo2000/123gustavo.htm
Ayerbe Chaux, G. (1968, December). Exposición de Motivos en Defensa de la Ley 48 de 1968 (Minister of Defence report). Archivo Carlos Lleras Restrepo, Presidencia- Ministerio de Defensa, caja 03, carpeta 01.
Blaufarb, D. S. (1977). The Counterinsurgency Era: U.S. Doctrine and Performance, 1950 to the Present. New York, EE.UU.: Free Press.
Brown, T. D. (1966). Report of the United States Delegation to the First Inter-American Congress of Uniformed Police, 25 August-3 September 1966 (Report U.S. Agency for International Development to Secretary Of State). Accessed May 2012, U.S. Agency for International Development archive, online at: https://dec.usaid.gov/map/
Caicedo, E. (1989), Militares y Militarismo: Un análisis histórico-político. Bogotá, Colombia: Fondo Editorial Suramérica.
Carlson, R. E. (1966, 4 November). Public Safety Division, September 1966 (Monthly Report United States Embassy in Colombia to United States Agency for International Development). Accessed June 2012. Digital National Security Archive, Colombia and the United States 1948-2010, online at: http://nsarchive.chadwyck.com/collections/content/CD/intro.jsp
Carlson, R.E. (1967, 27 April). Reynold E. Carlson meeting with Carlos Lleras to discuss security developments and recent guerrilla upsurge (Memorandum No. 323). Foreign Relations of the United States 1964-1968, South and Central America; Mexico. Accessed February 2012, online at: http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments
Carlson, R. E. (1967, 26 July). Public Safety Report, June 1967 (Monthly Report, Reynold E. United States Embassy in Colombia to U.S. Agency International Development). Accessed May 2012, U.S. Agency for International Development archive, online at: https://dec.usaid.gov/map/
Castro, N. (2005). Una Larga Noche, los Caminos del Conflicto en Colombia. Berlin, Germany: Pro Business Verlag.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (1966, 22 July). Banditry and Insurgency in Colombia (Special Report). Accessed May 2012. Digital National Security Archive, Colombia and the United States 1948-2010, online at: http://nsarchive.chadwyck.com/collections/content/CD/intro.jsp
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (1966, 4 November). Weekly Summary (intelligence report). Accessed March 2012. Digital National Security Archive, Colombia and the United States 1948-2010, online at: http://nsarchive.chadwyck.com/collections/content/CD/intro.jsp
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (1967, 15 June) The Sino-Soviet dispute within the communist movement in Latin America (Intelligence report). Accessed March 2012, Central Intelligence Agency, Freedom of Information Act, online at: http://www.foia.cia.gov/
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (1967, 16 June). The guerrilla situation in Colombia (Weekly summary). Accessed May 2012. Digital National Security Archive, Colombia and the United States 1948-2010, online at: http://nsarchive.chadwyck.com/collections/content/CD/intro.jsp
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (1967, 14 October). Possibility of Cuban arms for the Army of National Liberation (Intelligence information cable). Accessed June 2012, Central Intelligence Agency, Freedom of Information Act, online at: http://www.foia.cia.gov/
Colombia. Presidencia de la República. (1968, 9 October). Decreto Numero 2565 de 1968. Bogotá, Colombia: Archivo Carlos Lleras Restrepo, Presidencia- Ministerio de Defensa, caja 03, carpeta 01.
Colombia. Presidencia de la República. (1968, 16 December). Ley No. 48 de 1968. Bogotá, Colombia. Archivo Carlos Lleras Restrepo, Presidencia- Ministerio de Defensa, caja 03, carpeta 01.
Colombia. Presidencia de la República. (2007, 14 March). Biografía del General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla. Accessed July 2012, online at: http://www.presidencia.gov.co/prensa_new/historia/14.htm
Comando del Ejercito Departamento E-2. (No date). Relación de las actividades de los movimientos arma Department of State que operan en el país enfocados en los últimos 100 días (Memorando). Archivo General de la Nación, Despacho Presidente, caja 03, carpeta 01.
Comienza 'Foro Libre' Sobre Crónica Roja. (1967b, 17 June). El Espectador, p. 4A.
Comisión Internacional de Juristas, (2005), Colombia: Socavando el Estado de Derecho y Consolidando la Impunidad. Accessed on March 2012, online at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/48a928210.pdf
Datos oficiales a las 3 de la ma-ana. (1970, April). El Tiempo, p. 8. Accessed June 2012, online at: http://www.eltiempo.com/seccion_archivo/index.php
Dearborn, H. (1966, 4 October). Public Safety Division, August 1966 (Monthly Report United States Embassy in Colombia to U.S. Agency for International Development). Accessed April 2012. Digital National Security Archive, Colombia and the United States 1948-2010, online at: http://nsarchive.chadwyck.com/collections/contentCD/intro.jsp
El Gobierno no Tolerara Desordenes. (1969, 12 January). El Tiempo, p. 7. Accessed June 2012, online at: http://www.eltiempo.com/seccion_archivo/index.php
El País condena la Agresión. (1966, 26 October). El Tiempo, p. 1. Accessed May 2012, online at: http://www.eltiempo.com/seccion_archivo/index.php
Fajardo, L. E. (2003, April). From the Alliance for Progress to the Plan Colombia: a Retrospective Look at U.S. Aid to Colombia. Working Paper, Crisis States Programme, Development Research Centre London School of Economics, 28, 1-38. Accessed on May 2012, online at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/28249/
Falsa alarma. (1967, 17 June). El Tiempo, p. 24. Accessed June 2012, online at: http://www.eltiempo.com/seccion_archivo/index.php
Farer, F. (1988). The Grand Strategy of the United States in Latin America. New Brunswick, EE.UU.: Transaction Publishers.
Foyle, D. (1997). Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: elite beliefs as a mediating variable. International Studies Quarterly, 41 (1), 141-169. Accessed on December 2011, online at: http://www.jstor.org/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0020-8833.00036
Gaddis, J. L. (2005). Strategies of Containment, a Critical Appraisal of American Security Policy during the Cold War. New York, EE.UU.: Oxford University Press.
García, J. (Ed.). (2008). Cuban Revolution Reader, a Documentary History of Fidel Castro's Revolution. London, United Kingdom: Ocean Press.
Ghio, J. M. (1991, May). The Latin American Church in the Wojtyla's Era: New Evangelization or 'Neo-Integralism'?. Working paper, Kellog Institutue for International Studies, 159, 1-23. Accessed on June 2012, online at: http://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/159.pdf
Giraldo, J. (1996). Colombia, the Genocidal Democracy. Maine, EE.UU.: Common Courage Press.
Golpe a los Secuestradores. (1969, 24 October). El Tiempo, p. 6. Accessed June 2012, online at: http://www.eltiempo.com/seccion_archivo/index.php
González, F. E., Bolívar, I. J. & Vázquez, T. (2003). Violencia Política en Colombia: de la Nación Fragmentada a la Construcción del Estado. Bogotá, Colombia: CINEP.
Human Rights Watch Arms Project. (1996). Colombia's Killer Networks, The military-Paramilitary Partnership and the United states. New York, EE.UU.: Human Rights Watch.
Kirk, R. (2003). More Terrible than Death. New York, EE.UU.: Public Affairs.
Lievano, F. to Lleras Restrepo, C. (1969, 22 October). Report on Swiss diplomats' Kidnapping in Cali (letter). Archivo Carlos Lleras Restrepo, Presidencia- Ministerio de Defensa, caja 03, carpeta 04., caja 03, carpeta 09.
Más de 577 Retenidos. (1967, 14 June). El Tiempo, p. 28. Accessed June 2012, online at: http://www.eltiempo.com/seccion_archivo/index.php
Maullin, R. (1971). Soldiers, Guerrillas and Politics in Colombia. Santa Monica, EE.UU.: RAND.
Mensaje del Presidente. (1967, 17 June). El Espectador, p. 1.
Monsalve, M. (1967). Informe de Mario Monsalve sobre actividades y penetración comunista (Report), Archivo General de la Nación, Despacho Presidente, caja 165, carpeta 01.
Niess, F. Mandeau, B.& Fieneman G. (1990). A Hemisphere to Itself, a History of US-Latin American Relation. London, United Kingdom: Zed Books.
Nixon, R. & Botero Boshell, D. (1970, 8 June). Memorandum, Arms modernization program (Memorandum's meeting No. 160). Foreign Relations of the United States, Documents on American Republics, 1969-1972. Accessed February 2012, online at: http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments
Nixon, R & Lleras Restrepo, C. (1969, 12 June). The Church in Latin America (memorandum's meeting No. 154). Foreign Relations of the United States, Documents on American Republics, 1969-1972. Accessed February 2012, online at: http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments
No hay fuero para delincuentes. (1966, 28 October). El Tiempo, p. 20. Accessed May 2012, online at: http://www.eltiempo.com/seccion_archivo/index.php
Noriega Anuncio al País el Acuerdo por T.V. (1969, 23 January). El Tiempo, p. 13. Accessed June 2012, online at: http://www.eltiempo.com/seccion_archivo/index.php
Noriega, C. to Lleras Restrepo, C. (1969, 8 October). Kidnapping and consequences in government and society (Letter)., 8 October 1969, pp. 321-322, Archivo Carlos Lleras Restrepo, Presidencia- Ministerio de Defensa, caja 03, carpeta 04.
Offstein, N. (2003). An Historical Review and Analysis of Colombian Guerrilla Movements: FARC, ELN and EPL. Desarrollo y Sociedad, 52, 99-142. Accessed on June 2012, online at: http://www.redalyc.org/redalyc/pdf/1691/169118076004.pdf
Oliver, C. T. (1966, 26 January). Progress Report on Colombian Internal Defense Plan (Airgram, United States Embassy in Colombia to Department of State). Accessed April 2012, Paul Wolf Archive, Evolution of the Colombian Civil War (1928-1973), online at: http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/colombia.html
Oliver, C. T. (1966, 4 March). Agency report on elimination of Camilo Torres (Telegram, United States Embassy in Colombia to Secretary of State). Accessed April 2012. Paul Wolf Archive, Evolution of the Colombian Civil War (1928-1973), online at: http://www.icdc.com~paulwolf/colombia.html
Palacios, M. (2006). Between Legitimacy and Violence: A History of Colombia, 1875-2002. London, United Kingdom: Duke University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9780822387893
Pardo, R. (2004). La Historia de las Guerras. Barcelona, Spain: Ediciones B.
Pearce, J. (1990) Colombia: Inside the Labyrinth. London, United Kingdom: Latin America Bureau (Research and Action).
Pecaut, D. (2006). Crónica de Cuatro Décadas de Política Colombiana. Bogotá, Colombia: Norma.
Pinzón Caicedo, G. (1967, 6 June). Informe Plan Andes (army's commander Report). Archivo General de la Nación, Despacho Presidente, caja 165, carpeta 01.
Pizarro Leongomez, E. (1989). Los Orígenes del Movimiento Armado Comunista en Colombia: 1949- 1966. Revista Análisis Político, 7, 1-33. Accessed on May 2012, online at: http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/analisispolitico/origenes.htm
Randall, S. (1992). Colombia and the United States, Hegemony and Interdependence. Georgia, EE.UU.: University of Georgia Press.
Rettberg, A. (2001). Dos Crisis, Dos Desenlaces: Retos y Realidades del Empresario Organizado Colombiano en los A-os Cincuenta y Noventa. Revista de Estudios Sociales, 8 (2), 85-92. Accessed June 2012, online at: http://res.uniandes.edu.co/view.php/177/index.php?id=177
Rey Tristan, E. (2005). La Organización Latinoamericana de Solidaridad (OLAS) y la Polémica Sobre las Formas de la Revolución Latinoamericana. El Caso Uruguayo. Estudios sobre America: siglos XVI-XX, 1693-1 705. Accessed on July 2012, online at: http://www.americanistas.es/biblo/textos/10/10-87.pdf
Rochlin, J. F. (2003). Vanguard Revolutionaries in Latin America, Peru, Colombia, Mexico. London, United Kingdom: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Saenz Rovner, E. (2007). La Prehistoria de la Marihuana en Colombia: Consumo y Cultivos entre los A-os 30 y 60. Cuadernos de Economía, 26, (1), 218-219. Accessed on July 2012, online at: http://socialsciences.scielo.org/scielo.php?pid=S0121-47722008000100001&script=sci_arttext
Sayago, L. (Producer) & Molano, S. (Director). (2011). Carlos Lleras, Entre la acción y la pasión. [Documentary]. Bogotá: Unidad de Medios de Comunicación - Unimedios, Prisma TV. Accessed on March 2012, online at: http://www.prismatv.unal.edu.co/nc/detalle-serie/detalle-programa/article/carlos-lleras-entre-la-accion-y-la-pasion.html
Small, M. (1988). Johnson, Nixon, and the Doves. New Brunswick, EE.UU.: Rutgers University Press.
Stokes, D. (2005). America's Other War. London, United Kingdom: Zed Books.
United States. U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations. (1969, 1 February). Survey of the Alliance for Progress Colombia a Case Study of U.S. Aid. Accessed July 2012, U.S. Agency for International Development archive, online at: https://dec.usaid.gov/map/
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). (1969, June). Evaluation of Aid Public Safety Program in Colombia (Evaluation report). Accessed July 2012, U.S. Agency for International Development archive, online at: https://dec.usaid.gov/map/
U.S. Department of State. (2004). Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. 31, South and Central America; Mexico. Washington, EE'UU.: Department of State.
