A intervenção francesa no Mali
estudo de caso sobre a Operação Serval
Resumo
Aproveitando-se da instabilidade resultante de um golpe de Estado ocorrido em março de 2012, rebeldes tuaregues conquistaram a região historicamente reivindicada do Azawad, localizada no norte do Mali. Nos meses seguintes, grupos armados jihadistas que apoiaram o movimento tuaregue tomaram o poder no território conquistado e impuseram um regime islâmico extremista. Além de desencadear uma crise humanitária de grandes proporções, os jihadistas passaram a constituir uma ameaça ao sul do país e a toda a região do Sahel. Após intensas negociações diplomáticas junto aos organismos internacionais e em decorrência de um pedido de ajuda militar proveniente do presidente interino do Mali, Dioncounda Traoré, a França liderou uma intervenção militar no país entre janeiro de 2013 e julho de 2014 denominada “Operação Serval”. Nesse contexto, este artigo analisa essa operação com o objetivo de avaliar o impacto dessa intervenção militar francesa no Mali. Metodologicamente, foi conduzido umestudo de caso sobre a Operação Serval, de forma a compreender profundamente sua condução, assim como seus antecedentes e suas consequências nos níveis político e militar. Como resultado, foi possível verificar que ela cumpriu satisfatoriamente seus objetivos militares propostos. Contudo, o bom desempenho militar não correspondeu ao sucesso no nível político.
Downloads
Referências
Axe, D. (2013, março). Operation Serval Timeline. Offiziere.ch. https://www.offiziere.ch/?p=10924
Banco Mundial. (2021). Base de dados. https://datos.bancomundial.org/pais/mali
Boeke, S. e Shuurman, B. (2015). Operation "Serval": A strategic analysis of the French intervention in Mali, 2013-2014. Journal of Strategic Studies, 38(6), 1-25. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01402390.2015.1045494?journalCode=fjss20.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2015.1045494
Brinton, C. (2021). Clausewitz in the Sahel: An analysis of Operation Serval through the lens of on war. FAOA Journal of International Affairs. https://faoajournal.substack.com/p/clausewitz-in-the-sahel-an-analysis?s=r
Bui, Y. (2014). How to write a master's thesis (2a ed). Sage Publications.
Chafer, T. (2016). France in Mali: Towards a new African strategy? International Journal of Francophone Studies, 19(2), 119-141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1386/ijfs.19.2.119_1
Charbonneau, B. (2017). Intervention in Mali: Building peace between peacekeeping and counterterrorism. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 35(4), 415-431. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02589001.2017.1363383?journalCode=cjca20.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2017.1363383
Charbonneau, B. e Sears, J. (2014). Faire la guerre pour un Mali démocratique: l'intervention militaire française et la gestion des possibilités politiques contestées. Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue Canadienne de Science Politique, 47(3), 597-619. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43298289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423914000924
Cold-Ravnkilde, S. e Jacobsen, K. (2020). Disentangling the security traffic jam in the Sahel: Constitutive effects of contemporary interventionism. International Affairs, 96(4), 855-877. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa093
Devenport, J. e Harris, M. (2020, 15 de abril). Why Mali needs a new peace deal. Center for Strategic & International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/why-mali-needs-new-peace-deal
Eikmeier, D. (2004). Center of gravity analysis. Military Review, 84(4): 2-5. https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/Army-Press-Online-Journal/documents/Eikmeier-v2.pdf
Epstein, A. (2013). Early lessons learned from "Operation Serval" in Mali: An interview with Lt. Gen. (Ret) Jean-Patrick Gaviard. Military Technology 6, 38-39.
Erforth, B. (2020). Multilateralism as a tool: Exploring French military cooperation in the Sahel. Journal of Strategic Studies 43(4), 560-582.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2020.1733986
European Union Training Mission. (2021). EUTM Mali Background. https://eutmmali.eu/background/
Faleg, G. e Mustasilta, K. (2021). Salafi-jihadism in Africa: A winning strategy. European Union Institute for Security Studies. https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Brief_12_2021.pdf
French, H. (2022). France's trouble in West Africa go well beyond a failed counter-insurgency. World Politics Review (selective content): 1-4. https://web-p-ebscohost-com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=ef954e74-b634-4b15-8ce9-b7257cfaf45b%40redis&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwJnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=154936719&db=aph
Gin. (2022, 1 de agosto). UN Finds France Culpable for Deadly Attack on Wedding Party in Mali. New York Amsterdam News. https://amsterdamnews.com/news/2021/04/22/un-finds-france-culpable-deadly-attack-wedding-par/
Guichaoua, Y. (2020). The bitter harvest of French interventionism in the Sahel. International Affairs, 96 (4): 895-911.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa094
Guilloteau, C. e Nauche, P. (2013). Rapport d'information déposé en application de l'article 145 du Règlement, par la commission de la défense nationale et des forces armées, en conclusion des travaux d'une mission d'information sur l'opération Serval au Mali. https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/14/rap-info/i1288.asp
Grynkewich, A. (2008). Welfare as warfare: How violent non-state groups use social services to attack the State. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 31(4), 350-370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100801931321
Hicks, C. (2016). How the French Operation Serval was Viewed on the Ground: a journalistic perspective. International Journal of Francophone Studies, 19(2), 193-207. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/intellect/ijfs/2016/00000019/00000002/art00005;jsessionid=4s6e8pil4lij3.x-ic-live-01.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1386/ijfs.19.2.193_7
Internation Crisis Group. (2022). France's Troops Withdrawal from Mali. https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/sahel/mali/frances-troop-withdrawal-mali
Keenan, J. (2014). Neocolonialism and terror in the Sahel. New African, 26-29. https://newafricanmagazine.com/6041/
Le Point. (2013, 7 de dezembro). Mali: une occupation qui derange? Le Point International. https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/mali-serval-une-occupation-qui-derange-06-12-2013-1765595_24.php
Le Point. (2022, 15 de agosto). Opération Barkhane: la France a quitté le Mali. Le Point International. https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/la-france-a-evacue-le-mali-15-08-2022-2486377_24.php
Noé, C. (2022). Understanding the Conflict in Mali: France, the EU and the Consequences of Intervention. https://esthinktank.com/2022/05/04/understanding-the-conflict-in-mali-france-the-eu-and-the-consequences-of-intervention/.
Notin, J.-C. (2017). Guerra da França no Mali. Biblioteca do Exército.
Organização das Nações Unidas. (2013). Resolution 2100 (2013). http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/2100.Prodi, R. (2012). Mali: pas d'intervention militaire avant septembre 2013, selo Romano Prodi. RFI. Rhttps://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20121121-mali-intervention-militaire-prodi-sahel-onu-cedeao-aqmi-mnla-mujao
Shurkin, M. (2014). France's War in Mali: Lessons from an expeditionary army. Rand Corporation.
Silva, J. (2021). MINUSTAH: a aplicação do smart power brasileiro nas operações de paz das Nações Unidas. Conjuntura Austral, 12(57), 38-50. https://seer.ufrgs.br/ConjunturaAustral/article/view/105925/60588. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22456/2178-8839.105925
Silva, J. e Dias, G. (2021). Teoria da complexidade: uma nova opção epistemológica para as Ciências Militares? Revista Brasileira de Estudos de Defesa, 8(1), 13-36. https://rbed.abedef.org/rbed/article/view/75234/42142
Sheehan, M. e Siegel, P. (2021). Operation serval: A swift intervention with a small footprint in Mali. Routledge Handbook of U.S. Counterterrorism and Irregular Warfare Operations: 293-306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003164500-23
Tramond, O. e Seigneur, P. (2013). Early lessons from France's Operation Serval in Mali. Army Magazine. https://www.ausa.org/sites/default/files/ Tramond_June2013.pdf
Tramond, O. e Seigneur, P. (2014). Operation Serval: Another beau geste of France in Sub-Saharan Africa? Military Review. https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/military-review/Archives/English/Military Review_20141231_art014.pdf
Utley, R. (2016). Mali: vive la coloniale? International Journal of Francophone Studies, 19(2), 143-172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1386/ijfs.19.2.143_1
Copyright (c) 2022 Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.