Catálisis asimétrica, una nueva era en la síntesis de fármacos: historia y evolución

  • James O. Guevara-Pulido Universidad El Bosque
  • Jennifer Caicedo Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas
  • Fredy David Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas
  • Miguel Vela Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas
  • Jhon González Universidad El Bosque
Palabras clave: Enzimas, Organometálico, Organocatálisis, Enantioselectividad, Diastereoselectividad.

Resumen

El entendimiento de la Química Orgánica a lo largo del tiempo, lleva a los científicos a proponer estrategias sintéticas que permiten la obtención de compuestos de interés biológico de manera enantio y diastereoselectiva. La preparación de estructuras quirales de forma enantiopura ha sido, desde la antigüedad, un logro que han pretendido alcanzar gran cantidad de químicos sintéticos. Inicialmente, se desarrollaron gran cantidad de transformaciones diastereoselectivas, las cuales implican que a partir de reactivos enantioméricamente puros (o creados de forma temporal durante la reacción, empleando sustancias auxiliares o plantillas quirales), es posible inducir la reacción en el sentido estéreo deseado teniendo como base los estereocentros existentes en estos compuestos de partida. También se conocen reacciones en donde se pueden obtener enantiómeros puros a partir de moléculas de origen natural, que poseen estereoquímica próxima a la deseada (chiral pool). Estos métodos aunque ofrecen algunas ventajas de síntesis presentan varios inconvenientes.  En las últimas décadas, han ganado relevancia los métodos catalíticos enantioselectivos, que solucionan en gran parte los inconvenientes presentados en las otras metodologías. Se pueden clasificar en tres grandes grupos, totalmente complementarios: catálisis por metales, catálisis enzimática y organocatálisis. Está revisión pretende dar una visión general de los aportes de cada uno de los métodos de síntesis, profundizando en la organocatálisis, la estrategia más eficiente en la actualidad.

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Cómo citar
Guevara-Pulido, J. O., Caicedo, J., David, F., Vela, M., & González, J. (2017). Catálisis asimétrica, una nueva era en la síntesis de fármacos: historia y evolución. Revista Facultad De Ciencias Básicas, 13(2), 105–116. https://doi.org/10.18359/rfcb.2747
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2017-02-09
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