Tratamiento de aguas de escorrentía mediante humedales artificiales: Estado del arte
Resumen
La concentración de contaminantes en aguas lluvia es un tema que preocupa a las entidades gubernamentales porque deterioran la calidad hídrica de las fuentes receptoras. En varios países, se han iniciado investigaciones y desarrollo de metodologías para tratar este tipo de aguas. Una de estas técnicas es la ejecución de humedales artificiales, y es una de las más aceptadas por su gran eficiencia en la remoción de contaminantes. El presente artículo expondrá el estado del conocimiento, estudiando los métodos de diseño, eficiencias y las nuevas tendencias en la investigación de humedales artificiales que tratan aguas lluvia y/o escorrentía urbanaDescargas
Lenguajes:
esAgencias de apoyo:
Pontifica Universidad JaverianaReferencias bibliográficas
Saget A., et al. (1996). The first flush in sewer systems. In: Water Science & Technology, Vol. 33, pp. 101-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1223(96)00375-7
Lee J., et al. (2002). First flush analysis of urban storm runoff. In: Science of the Total Environment, The, Vol. 293, pp. 163-175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00006-2
Skipworth P.J.T.S.J., and Saul A.J., (2000). The first foul flush in combined sewers: an investigation of the causes. In: Urban Water, Vol. 2, pp. 317-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1462-0758(01)00009-7
Ashley R.M.B.K.J.L., Hvited-Jacobsen T., and Verbanck M., (2004). Solids in sewers characteristics, effects and control of sewer solids and associated pollutants. In: Scientific and Technical Report Vol. 14.
Gan J., (2004). Wetland Ecosystems for Treatment of Stormwater in an Urban Environment. In: Wetlands ecosystems in Asia: function and management, Vol. 1, p. 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-044451691-6/50024-7
Bertrand J.L., et al., (1998). Distribution of pollutant mass vs volume in stormwater discharges and the first flush phenomenon. In: Water Research, Vol. 32, pp. 2341–2356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00420-X
Deletic A., (1998). The first flush load of urban surface runoff. En: Water Research, Vol. 32, pp. 2462 –2470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(97)00470-3
Lee J.H. and Bang K.W., (2000). Characterization of urban stormwater runoff. In: Water Research, Vol. 34, pp. 1773-1780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(99)00325-5
Scholz M., (2006). Wetland systems to control urban runoff: Elsevier Science.
Scholz M., (2004). Treatment of gully pot effluent containing nickel and copper with constructed wetlands in a cold climate. In: Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, Vol. 79, pp. 153-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.955
Kao C., et al., (2001). Application of a constructed wetland for non-point source pollution control. In: Water Science and Technology, pp. 585-590.
Begum S., et al., (2008). A comparative review of stormwater treatment and reuse techniques with a new approach: Green Gully. In: WSEAS Transactions on environment and development, Vol. 4, pp. 1002-1013.
Harding R., (2006). Ecologically sustainable development: origins, implementation and challenges. En: Desalination, Vol. 187, pp. 229-239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.082
Tsihrintzis V.A. and Hamid R., (1997). Modeling and management of urban stormwater runoff quality: a review. In: Water Resources Management, Vol. 11, pp. 137-164.
Carleton J. N., et al., (2000). Performance of a constructed wetlands in treating urban stormwater runoff. In: Water Environment Research, Vol. 72, pp. 295-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143000x137518
Braskerud B., et al., (2005). Can constructed wetlands reduce the diffuse phosphorus loads to eutrophic water in cold temperate regions. In: J. Environ. Qual, Vol. 34, pp. 2145-2155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.0466
Bavor H., et al., (2001). Stormwater treatment: do constructed wetlands yield improved pollutant management performance over a detention pond system. In: Water science and technology: a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, Vol. 44, p. 565.
Bingham D., (1993). Urban runoff pollution prevention and control planning: EPA.
Weiss P.T., et al., (2007). Cost and pollutant removal of storm-water treatment practices. In: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Vol. 133, 218 p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2007)133:3(218)
Hunt W.F. and Doll B.A., (2000). Urban Waterways: Designing Stormwater Wetlands for Small Watersheds. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service.
Meyer J.L., (1985). A detention basin/artificial wetland treatment system to renovate stormwater runoff from urban, highway, and industrial areas. In: Wetlands, Vol. 5, pp. 135-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03160792
Kennedy G. and Mayer T., (2002). Natural and constructed wetlands in Canada: An overview. In: Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, Vol. 37, pp. 295-325.
Scholz M. and Lee B., (2005). Constructed wetlands: a review. In: International journal of environmental studies, Vol. 62, pp. 421-447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207230500119783
Schulz R. and Peall S. K. C., (2001). Effectiveness of a constructed wetland for retention of nonpoint-source pesticide pollution in the Lourens River catchment, South Africa. In: Environmental science & technology, Vol. 35, pp. 422-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0001198
Raisin G. and Mitchell D., (1995). The use of wetlands for the control of non-point source pollution. In: Water Science and Technology, Vol. 32, pp. 177-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1223(95)00618-4
EPA U.S.E.P.A., (1993). Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment .
EPA U.S.E.P.A., (1999). Free Water Surface Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment.
Verhoeven J.T.A., (2006). Wetlands and natural resource management: Springer Verlag. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33187-2
Vymazal J., (2009). The use constructed wetlands with horizontal sub-surface flow for various types of wastewater. In: Ecological Engineering, Vol. 35, pp. 1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.08.016
Higginsl J., et al., (2011). The Design & Operation of a Very Large Vertical Sub-Surface Flow Engineered Wetland to Treat Spent Deicing Fluids and Glycol-Contaminated Stormwater at Buffalo Niagara International Airport. In: Water Practice and Technology, Vol. 6.
Thoren A., et al., (2003). Transport and transformation of de-icing urea from airport runways in a constructed wetland system. In: Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control VIII, Vol. 48, pp. 283-290.
Lara B.J., (2010). Humedales construidos para el control de la contaminación proveniente de la escorrentía urbana. En: Acodal, Vol. 226, pp. 19-27.
Lara B.J., (2010). Humedales construidos en la gestión sostenible del sistema pluvial de Bogotá. III Congreso Internacional sobre gestión y tratamineto integral del agua, Argentina.
Arnold J.G., et al., (2001). Hydrologic model for design and constructed wetlands. In: Wetlands, Vol. 21, pp. 167-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2001)021[0167:hmfdac]2.0.co;2
Shutes R., et al., (2004). Urban and highway runoff treatment by constructed wetlands. In: Wetlands ecosystems in Asia: function and management, Vol. 1, 361p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-044451691-6/50023-5
Kadlec R.H. and Wallace S., (2009). Treatment wetlands: CRC.
Vymazal J., et al., (2006). Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. In: Wetlands and Natural Resource Management, pp. 69-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33187-2_5
Mungasavalli D.P., and Viraraghavan T., (2006). Constructed wetlands for stormwater management: a review. In: Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, Vol. 15, pp. 1363-1372.
Shutes R., et al., (1999). The design of vegetative constructed wetlands for the treatment of highway runoff. In: The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 235, pp. 189-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00212-0
Shutes R., et al., (1997). The design of wetland systems for the treatment of urban run off. In: Water Science and Technology, Vol. 35, pp. 19-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1223(97)00048-6
Shutes R.B.E., et al., (2001). An experimental constructed wetland system for the treatment of highway runoff in the UK. In: Water Science and Technology, pp. 571-578.
Bonilla-Warford C.M. and ZEDLER J.O.Y.B., (2002). Potential for using native plant species in stormwater wetlands. In: Environmental management, Vol. 29, pp. 385-394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-001-0032-0
Greenway M. and Davies B., (2003). Stormwater wetlands: design criteria to maximise water quality improvement and minimise mosquito breeding. In: Stormwater Industry Association NSW 7th Regional Conference on Urban Stormwater Managing.
Pérez-Olmedilla M. and Rojo C., (2000). Función depuradora de los humedales I: una revisión bibliográfica sobre el papel de los macrófitos. En: Humedales mediterráneos, Vol. 1, pp. 115-122.
Shutes R.B.E., (2001). Artificial wetlands and water quality improvement. In: Environment international, Vol. 26, pp. 441-447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-4120(01)00025-3
Koob T., et al., (1999). Hydrologic design considerations of constructed wetlands for urban stormwater runoff. In: JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, Vol. 35, pp. 323-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb03593.x
Hunt W., et al. (2010). Stormwater Wetland Construction Guidance. Online: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/stormwater/PublicationFiles/WetlandConstruction2010.pdf.
Natural Resources Conservation Service. (1986). Urban hydrology for small watersheds. US Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Engineering Division, Washington D.C.
Wong T.H.F., et al., (1998). Managing urban stormwater using constructed wetlands: Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology.
Magmedov V.G., et al., (1996). The use of constructed wetlands for the treatment of run-off and drainage waters: the UK and Ukraine experience. In: Water Science and Technology, Vol. 33, pp. 315-323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1223(96)00247-8
Waterways M.B., (2006). Water Sensitive Urban Design: Technical Design Guidelines for South East Queensland: Moreton Bay Waterways and Catchment Partnership.
Persson J., et al., (1999). Hydraulics efficiency of constructed wetlands and ponds. In: Water Science & Technology, Vol. 40, pp. 291-300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1223(99)00448-5
Wong T.H.F., (2006). An overview of water sensitive urban design practices in Australia. In: Water Practice & Technology, Vol. 1.
Wong T.H.F., (2006). Water sensitive urban design–the journey thus far. In: Australian Journal of Water Resources, Vol. 10, pp. 213-222.
Blick S.A., et al., (2004). New Jersey stormwater best management practices manual. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Watershed Management, Trenton.
Schueler T.R. and Team A.R., (1992). Design of Stormwater Wetland Systems: guidelines for creating diverse and effective stormwater wetlands in the mid-Atlantic Region: Anacostia Resoration Team, Dept. of Environmental Programs, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments.
Iowa State University, (2008). Iowa Stormwater Management Manual. Iowa State University Institute for Transportation.
Wallace S. and Liner M., (2011). Design and performance of the wetland treatment system at the Buffalo Niagara International Airport. Specialist Group on Use of Macrophytes in Water Pollution Control, 36 p.
Tilley D.R. and Brown M.T., (1998). Wetland networks for stormwater management in subtropical urban watersheds1. In: Ecological Engineering, Vol. 10, pp. 131-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8574(98)00010-X
Knight R. L., et al., (1999). The use of treatment wetlands for petroleum industry effluents. Environmental science & technology, Vol. 33, pp. 973-980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es980740w
Kadlec R., (1999). The limits of phosphorus removal in wetlands. In: Wetlands Ecology and Management, Vol. 7, pp. 165-175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008415401082
Wong T. and Geiger W., (1997). Adaptation of wastewater surface flow wetland formulae for application in constructed stormwater wetlands. In: Ecological Engineering, Vol. 9, pp. 187-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8574(97)10011-8
Birch G. F., et al., (2004). Efficiency of a constructed wetland in removing contaminants from stormwater. In: Wetlands, Vol. 24, pp. 459-466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0459:eoacwi]2.0.co;2
Carleton J., et al., (2001). Factors affecting the performance of stormwater treatment wetlands. In: Water Research, Vol. 35, pp. 1552-1562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00416-4
Scherger D. and Davis J., (1982). Control of stormwater runoff pollutant loads by a wetland and retention basin. International Symposium on Urban Hydrology, Hydraulics and Sediment Control, Lexington.
Hogan D.M. and Walbridge M.R., (2007). Best Management Practices for Nutrient and Sediment Retention in Urban Stormwater Runoff.
Abtew W., et al., (2004). Stormwater Treatment Areas: Constructed Wetlands for Phosphorus Removal in South Florida Surface Waters.
Liikanen A. P., et al., (2004). Phosphorus removal in a wetland constructed on former arable land. In: Journal of environmental quality, Vol. 33, p. 1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.1124
Lee C., et al., (2009). Nitrogen removal in constructed wetland systems. In: Engineering in Life Sciences, Vol. 9, pp. 11-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elsc.200800049
Henry C., et al., (2003). Application and performance of constructed wetlands for runoff from small open lots. Ninth International Animal, Agricultural and Food Processing Wastes, North Carolina. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.15243
Scholz M. and Hedmark Å., (2010). Constructed wetlands treating runoff contaminated with nutrients. In: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, Vol. 205, pp. 323-332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-0076-y
Wu X., et al., (2008). Constructed Wetlands treating Urban Runoff Contaminated with Nitrogen. In: Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. ICBBE 2008. The 2nd International Conference on Shanghai, pp. 3613-3616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2008.405
Li Y., et al., (2007). Modelling wet weather sediment removal by stormwater constructed wetlands: Insights from a laboratory study. In: Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 338, pp. 285-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.03.001
Marchand L., et al., (2010). Metal and metalloid removal in constructed wetlands, with emphasis on the importance of plants and standardized measurements: A review. Environmental Pollution. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.08.018
Walker D. J. and Hurl S., (2002). The reduction of heavy metals in a stormwater wetland. In: Ecological Engineering, Vol. 18, pp. 407-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8574(01)00101-x
Nelson E., et al., (2006). Metal removal from water discharges by a constructed treatment wetland. In: Engineering in Life Sciences, Vol. 6, pp. 26-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elsc.200620112
Scholes L., et al., (1998). The treatment of metals in urban runoff by constructed wetlands. In: The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 214, pp. 211-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00072-2
Davies C. and Bavor H., (2000). The fate of stormwater associated bacteria in constructed wetland and water pollution control pond systems. In: Journal of Applied Microbiology, Vol. 89, pp. 349-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01118.x
Díaz F.J., et al., (2010). Efficacy of constructed wetlands for removal of bacterial contamination from agricultural return flows. In: Agricultural Water Management. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.06.015
Struck S. D., et al., (2006). Performance of stormwater retention ponds and constructed wetlands in reducing microbial concentrations: US Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development.
Bulc and Sajn Slak A., (2003). Performance of constructed wetland for highway runoff treatment. In: Water Science and Technology, Vol. 48, pp. 315-322.
Terzakis S., et al., (2008). Constructed wetlands treating highway runoff in the central Mediterranean region. In: Chemosphere, Vol. 72, pp. 141-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.044
Gregoire C., et al., (2009). Mitigation of Agricultural Nonpoint-Source Pesticide Pollution in Artificial Wetland Ecosystems–A Review. Climate Change, Intercropping, Pest Control and Beneficial Microorganisms, pp. 293-338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2716-0_11
Kohler E., et al., (2004). Nutrient, metal, and pesticide removal during storm and nonstorm events by a constructed wetland on an urban golf course. In: Ecological Engineering, Vol. 23, pp. 285-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2004.11.002
Maillard E., et al., (2011). Removal of pesticide mixtures in a stormwater wetland collecting runoff from a vineyard catchment. In: Science of the Total Environment, pp. 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.057
