Reactores discontinuos secuenciales: Una tecnología versátil en el tratamiento de aguas residuales.
Resumen
El interés en eliminar contaminantes de las aguas residuales se ha incrementado en los últimos años. Existe una constante búsqueda de nuevos y mejores diseños que permitan la implementación de sistemas de tratamiento confiables, de bajo costo y que ofrezcan mejores resultados. Esta tarea ha sido realmente un reto, debido a la generación de múltiples tipos de vertimientos líquidos, con diferentes características y composición y, en particular, al cumplimiento de estrictas y diferentes regulaciones que en los distintos países se establecen en materia de control ambiental. La investigación en el área de la ingeniería y las ciencias ambientales ha permitido el desarrollo de la tecnología de reactores discontinuos secuenciales (SBR, por sus siglas en inglés), como una variación del proceso de lodos activados convencional para la eliminación de materia orgánica y de nutrientes de las aguas residuales. El presente artículo de revisión describe la importancia de este tipo de sistemas, teniendo en cuenta las generalidades del tratamiento, la descripción técnica del sistema, los parámetros de operación más importantes, el mecanismo biológico del proceso de eliminación y las diferentes modificaciones al diseño original. Finalmente, se encontró que este tipo de sistema es de gran utilidad y ofrece muchas ventajas en la eliminación de nutrientes y materia orgánica, en comparación con los sistemas convencionales de tratamiento, además de que se puede aplicar para el tratamiento de gran cantidad y diversidad de aguas residuales tanto domésticas como industriales.
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